The Central Processing Unit (CPU) - Working Of CPU
Overview
The central processing unit
(CPU) is the part of the computer that carries out software functions and
instructions. Early CPUs were custom-designed for larger computers. Now, CPUs
are mass produced and standard.
Companies design CPUs based
on consumer needs. Some computer users require a powerful processor, and others
need a processor that is low-voltage. Today, a variety of processors are
available on the market, and computer users have the flexibility to choose from
many products and configurations.
How It Works
All computer programs have
functions, purposes, and goals. For example, spreadsheet software helps users
store data and perform calculations. Other software allows users to compile
documents, make slideshows, and play games. To perform these functions,
programs have a series of instructions in the form of codes or numbers.
In order to translate
instructions and run computer software, the CPU must perform four tasks. First,
the CPU locates the set of instructions from the computer program. Then, the CPU
decodes these instructions into their parts. With this task, the CPU interprets
what is necessary for each operation. The different parts of the CPU are
responsible for unique tasks. After decoding information, the CPU will execute
the program's instructions. The different parts of the CPU work together so
that the software can run. Finally, the CPU writes back the outcome of the
execution into memory. Through a writeback, the CPU influences how the software
should behave and perform in the future.
The processor speed refers
to how many instructions the CPU performs per second. The two factors that
influence this rate are the instructions per clock and clock rate, which is a
calculation of the maximum time that an electrical signal moves through the parts
of the CPU.
Multi-core processors
combine at least two processors into one integrated circuit in order to improve
speed and performance. In theory, a quad core processor is four times as
powerful as a single core processor.
64-bit & 32-bit
Processors
The expressions 64-bit and
32-bit refer to the how the CPU handles information. In general, a 64-bit
processor is beneficial for large datasets and multitasking. Functions
including digital video playback, scientific computing, and database are more
streamlined with a 64-bit processor.
Although 64-bit technology
has existed since for fifty years, the majority of consumer computers were
bundled with 32-bit processors. Now, a majority of new computers are available
with 64-bit processors. Today's 64-bit processors are bundled with the
technology to run 32-bit software through emulation and 32-bit processor cores.
A disadvantage of 64-bit
processors is that the same data requires more memory. As a result, 64-bit
processors perform better with more computer memory.
Brands and Types:-
Intel Pentium
Pentium processors were
manufactured by Intel throughout the '90s until 2006. In 2007, Intel
reintroduced the Pentium trademark for lower end dual core processors. Now, the
Pentium trade mark refers to Intel's line of low-end dual core processors. The Celeron processor was
Intel's low-end counterpart to the Pentium during the '90s. Today, a variety of
low-end computers are available with Celeron processors.
Intel Core:- Core processors are
mid-range to high end computer processors. Intel first released these 32-bit
processors in 2006 under the Core trademark. With the rising popularity of
64-bit processors, Intel re branded its Core brand with its 64-bit Core 2
processors. Intel's Core Solo processors have two cores like the Core Duos;
however, the Core Solos have only one active core. Some of the disabled cores
may have manufacturing defects (which do not affect the performance of the
computer since the CPU requires only one core).
Core 2 Solo processors are
low-voltage and ideal for mobile laptops. Core 2 Duo processors have two active
cores and are more powerful than Core 2 Solo processors. In 2010, Intel
released a new line of processors. The new Core i3, Core i5, and Core i7
processors correspond to entry level though high end CPUs. Intel's new
processors come with Turbo Boost Technology, which allows the CPU to adapt to
the user's immediate performance needs. The new Core processors enable long
battery life through low-voltage and are available for ultra-thin laptops.
Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
(AMD)
AMD produces the Athlon and
Turion processors. Many laptops and desktops come with these processors which
may be single core or dual core. Quad core and additional multi-core processors
are also available. Traditionally, AMD processors have operated closely to
Intel CPUs. In general, AMD processors are less expensive than their Intel
counterparts.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) - Working Of CPU
Reviewed by RD Singh
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